بانک سوال دبستان گرمه
بانک نمونه سوال ابتدایی متوسطه اول و دوم پایان نامه مقاله تحقیق کارآموزی کارورزی طرح توجیهی کار آفرینی پروژه
بانک سوال دبستان گرمه
بانک نمونه سوال ابتدایی متوسطه اول و دوم پایان نامه مقاله تحقیق کارآموزی کارورزی طرح توجیهی کار آفرینی پروژهدانلود تحقیق آماده قالب pdf با عنوان Session.7.Postgrad.Stats
دانلود تحقیق آماده قالب pdf با عنوان Session.7.Postgrad.Stats
متن تحقیق انگلیسی
THEPROFESSIONAL SCIENTIST
A BRIEF INTRODUCTION INTO RESEARCH METHODS, DESIGNS
AND SAMPLING
Compiled by Dr Anthony Bedford
WAYS IN WHICH DATA CAN MISLEAD 7
1.1 Introduction 8
1.2 Deliberately misleading the audience with data 8
1.3 Some Ways in Which Data Can Be Misleading 10
1.4 STATISTICAL ODDITIES – Simpson’s Paradox 21
WHAT CONSTITUTES RESEARCH 26
2.1 What constitutes research? 27
2.2 The Deductive Method 27
2.3 The Inductive Method 28
2.4 The Scientific Method 28
2.5 Research Classification 30
2.6 Nine Basic Methods of Research 31
2.7 Data Collection Methods and tools 33
2.8 Features of the Research Process 34
2.9 Research Questions 35
EXERCISES 36
MEASUREMENTVARIABLES AND STATISTICS 39
3.1 Variables - A definition and examples 40
3.2 The four scales of measurement - An introduction 41
3.3 Independent and dependent variables 46
3.4 Statistics - What is it? 46
3.5 Hypothesis 47
3.6 The distinction between descriptive and inferential statistics 48
3.7 A brief refresher on statistics and notation 49
EXERCISES 52
EXPERIMENTAL VALIDITY & RESEARCH DESIGNS 59
4.1 Reliability of data
4.2 Validity of data 60
4.3 Types of Validity 63
4.4 The Eight Threats to internal validity 68
4.5 Regression to the mean 69
4.6 Experimental Designs 76
EXERCISES 78
METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA 83
5.1 What is Measurement? 84
5.2 Qualitative and Quantitative Data - Is the Distinction Real? 85
5.3 Usability 85
5.4 Reliability 86
5.5 Validity 86
5.6 Three General Methods for Acquiring Data 86
5.7 Asking People Questions 88
5.8 Overview of the Module 111
INTRODUCTION TO SURVEY SAMPLING 112
6.1 Introduction to Sample Surveys 113
6.2 Broad Classification of Sampling Techniques 114
6.3 Sample Estimates 117
6.4 Simple Random Sampling 117
6.5 Stratified Random Sampling 118
6.6 Systematic Sampling 121
6.7 Cluster Sampling 122
6.8 Sample Size in Hypothesis Tests 124
QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN 129
7.1 Ways to Get Information 130
7.2 Questionnaire Research Flow Chart 131
7.3 Time Considerations 131
7.4 Cost Considerations
7.5 Advantages of Written Questionnaires 133
7.6 Disadvantages Of Written Questionnaires 133
7.7 Questionnaire Design - General Considerations 134
7.8 Summary of the Do’s and Don’ts of Questionnaire Design 137
7.9 Pre-notification Letters 141
7.10 Cover Letters 141
7.11 Response Rate and Following up on Non-respondents 142
7.12 Non-response Bias 143
7.13 The Order of the Questions 143
7.14 Anonymity and Confidentiality 144
7.15 The Length of a Questionnaire 144
7.16 Incentives 144
7.17 Notification of a Cutoff Date 145
7.18 Reply Envelopes and Postage 145
7.19 The Outgoing Envelope and Postage 145
7.20 The "Don't Know", "Undecided", and "Neutral" Response Options 146
7.21 Question Wording 146
7.22 Sponsorship 147
7.23 Attitude Scales 147
EXERCISES 155
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL 157
8.1 What Should I Expect 158
8.2 Getting Started 159
8.3 Setting The Limits On Your Research 161
8.4 What Goes Into A Research Proposal 163
8.5 Methodology 163
8.6 Dissemination of Research Findings 166
8.7 Final Comments On Structure 166
8.8 Some Thoughts About Writing
8.9 Notes On Style 167
8.10 Ethics in Research 167
8.10.1 Ethical Issues 168
INDEX 170
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